Heavy metal and some rock music have been associated in some studies with an increased risk of suicide. Scheel and Westefeld 61 supported this suggestion in 1999. The authors of that study described an association between negative emotional response to music and risk-taking behaviors and even suggested that what triggers risky behavior in some adolescents is the negative emotional response rather than the type of music. 13, 50, 51, 62 Roberts et al 39 performed a study in 1997 at an adolescent clinic, and their results suggested that probably the best predictor of risk in adolescents related to music is their self-report of negative feelings or emotions when listening to any type of music. Refs 2, 10, 17, 29, 37, 39, 42, and 59– 65.such as the association of drug and alcohol use with “rave” music or electronic music dance events. It also is easily available through the radio, various recordings, the Internet, and new technologies, 11, 25 allowing adolescents to hear it in diverse settings and situations, alone or shared with friends. The reason for this is that popular music is present almost everywhere, from the supermarket to the mall, often as background music. These data support the idea that the prevalence of music-listening in adolescents may be even higher than that of television viewing. 29 Furthermore, Roberts et al found that 33% of those listening to music did so while performing other tasks or activities. Still, a study performed with a small sample of at-risk youth revealed an average of up to 6.8 hours of music-listening per day. Although time devoted to listening to music varies with age group, American youth listen to music from 1.5 to 2.5 hours per day. On a study performed in 2005 to assess media use of 8- to 18-year-olds in the United States, Roberts et al 25 reported that on a given day, 85% of 8- to 18-year-olds listen to music. 28 In another study in 2000, North et al 4 found that a sample of 2465 adolescents in England reported listening to music for an average of 2.45 hours per day. To understand the importance of music in the life of adolescents, a survey performed in the early 1990s of 2760 American adolescents aged 14 through 16 years revealed that they listened to music an average of 40 hours per week. 5, 7– 9, 12, 13 Some authors have suggested that popular music provides adolescents with the means to resolve unconscious conflicts related to their particular developmental stage 2, 7, 12, 14 and that their music preference might reflect the level of turmoil of this stage. 2 Adolescents use music in their process of identity formation, 4– 11 and their music preference provides them a means to achieve group identity and integration into the youth culture. 2, 4 Music also can provide a background for romance and serve as the basis for establishing relationships in diverse settings. Some studies have reported that adolescents use popular music to deal with loneliness and to take control of their emotional status or mood. 2 Music provides entertainment and distraction from problems and serves as a way to relieve tension and boredom. 1– 3 Listening to popular music is considered by society to be a part of growing up. Music plays an important role in the socialization of children and adolescents. Furthermore, with the evidence portrayed in these studies, it is essential for pediatricians and parents to take a stand regarding music lyrics. Pediatricians and parents should be aware of this information. As with popular music, the perception and the effect of music-video messages are important, because research has reported that exposure to violence, sexual messages, sexual stereotypes, and use of substances of abuse in music videos might produce significant changes in behaviors and attitudes of young viewers. A teenager's preference for certain types of music could be correlated or associated with certain behaviors. Lyrics have become more explicit in their references to drugs, sex, and violence over the years, particularly in certain genres. The effect that popular music has on children's and adolescents' behavior and emotions is of paramount concern. Research on popular music has explored its effects on schoolwork, social interactions, mood and affect, and particularly behavior.
Parents often are unaware of the lyrics to which their children are listening because of the increasing use of downloaded music and headphones. Popular music is present almost everywhere, and it is easily available through the radio, various recordings, the Internet, and new technologies, allowing adolescents to hear it in diverse settings and situations, alone or shared with friends.
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